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Henning Schmidgen. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. That is, it stems from the interstices, the spaces between science and literature, science and philosophy, and science and science.
At the same time, it studies interstices: the changing interfaces and relays that connect experimental set-ups, laboratory desks as well as published texts, but that also divide those from one another. In other words, historians of science investigate the development of heterogeneous couplings that exist or are created between instruments and organisms, numbers and curves, images and concepts, in order to construct new knowledge and deconstruct the old — and vice versa.
The history of science, then, works on, at, and with these interstices. It is a discipline from the Middle Kingdom, an interdiscipline, and arguably the interdiscipline par excellence.
The interstice as leitmotiv for this historiography is not radically new. Recent studies in the history of science have rephrased this leitmotiv in forceful ways. It thereby contradicts the classical view of science as based on strictly organized and clearly programmed practices. Instead, recent studies in the history of science highlight the fundamental role of encounters, appropriations, and devia- tions as epistemologically relevant events.
But where does this new image of science stem from? What are the encounters and events that have produced these novel approaches to writing the history of science? There is no comprehensive history of science history that would provide an answer to this question. All one can say is that, besides traditional phi- losophical and structural accounts, there are now social and cultural histories of science, and that besides general or encyclopedic investigations, there is a rapidly increasing number of micro-histories and case studies, i.
In this proliferating situation, a short sequence of exemplary observations concerning the genesis and structure of history-of-science discourses should help us glimpse some of the reasons why the contemporary state of this kind of inquiry is characterized by productive diversity and even disunity, and why this heterogeneity is the perhaps paradoxical but certainly stimulating basis for its constantly changing identity.
Eventually, I suggest, it is science itself that is speaking to us here. In other words, historians of science no longer deal with the sensorial and concrete on the one side and the cognitive and abstract on the other.
As a consequence, laboratory notes, databases, photo- graphs, movies, simulations, and other media technologies have become crucial objects and means for historical research concerning the sciences see Lenoir ; Berthelot ; Holmes, Renn, and Rheinberger ; Dotzler and Schmidgen As is well known, the emergence and development of discourses about the history of science is not at all limited to the twentieth century. In fact, since the late eighteenth century, scientists have been increasingly interested in time measure- ments, case histories, and traditions of all kinds — from printed texts to social rules and geological strata.
In the late Renaissance, scientists such as Johannes Kepler may have been inspired by these ancient models. Only in the late seventeenth century did depictors of science draw things together in ways that started to resonate with our contemporary understanding of history-of-science discourses. On the other hand, his eulogies focused on the relation between knowledge and life. Progressions and projections Between and , numerous studies were published that presented the historical development of the sciences mostly mathematics and astronomy, but also physics, alchemy, chemistry, and medicine as continuously gaining better approximations to truth.
This approximation was often seen as valuable in itself. In , William Whewell, in his extensive History of the Inductive Sciences from the Earliest to the Present Times, underscored again the empirical nature of science.
Simultaneously, however, Whewell emphasized the active role of the human mind: the mind applied its theories to nature and, if necessary, subjected nature to thought. One of the results was that, in the course of the nineteenth century, science history itself was subjected to the empirical imperative that regulated science in general. Laboratory historians emphasized the collection and processing of raw data and presented these in forms as practicable and instruc- tive as possible.
Besides short biographies of mathematicians, astronomers, physicists, chemists, geologists, etc. Similar bibliographical and biographical reference works are the backbone for much of the encyclopedic histories of science written in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In particular, they historicized science to meet the challenge of the growing competition among researchers and to promote increasingly nationalized cul- tures of science.
In other words, science history became polemic. His pioneering contributions to the history of the life sciences have been critically discussed by historians such as Canguilhem , Jardine , and Rheinberger What du Bois-Reymond alluded to was the ongoing work at his later famous Untersuchungen in electrophysiology. At the same time, he referred to a larger problem that he was also confronted with as a founding member of the German Society for Physics.
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